AVIATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 10 COURSEBOOK
1. STRAND 2_WORKSHOP SAFETY
Specific objectives.
At the end of this strand, the learner should be able to:
Ø State safety rules to be observed in an aviation workshop.
Ø Demonstrate correct safety practices while in the workshop.
Ø Apply correct first aid procedures.
Sub-strands
a. General workshop safety rules.
b. Personal safety.
c. Tools and machine safety.
d. First Aid Standard procedures.
A) General Workshop Safety.
Definition of terms:
Safety-this is the state of being safe and free from danger.
Safety precautions-these are rules set for workshop and general working places that would if adhered to, prevent injury and damage to property.
Accident- An unfortunate incident which can lead to loss of life or injury to personnel, and damage to property.
Rules- Standard practices which are set to govern the code of conduct of personnel while at the workshop.
General Workshop Safety Rules.
Ø Do not enter or leave the workshop without permission.
Ø Always obtain permission before using any machine or tool.
Ø Always ensure to wear protective clothing when carrying out any workshop procedure e.g. welding and cutting.
Ø Always ensure all equipment are serviceable before use.
Ø Always use the correct machine for the correct job.
Ø If in doubt do not proceed, ask.
Ø Never carry any workshop tool in your pockets.
Ø Always ensure to use a three pin plug on the sockets.
Ø Ensure to wipe any oil spillage to prevent accidents through slipping.
Ø Always concentrate on whatever you are doing while at the workshop.
Ø Do not eat, drink or even carry food in the workshop.
B) Personal safety.
This entails personal care one should observe in order to ensure their own safety and the safety of others they are working with. There are three enemies to personal safety:
a. Haste- this is when one does things in the workshop hurriedly for the sake of finishing. In hurrying, many things may be compromised leading to accidents.
b. Habit- when we become used to doing one thing commonly, we tend to be overconfident hence may make us do things with little care.
c. Ignorance- a situation where someone tries to perform a task without the necessary skills. This can lead to accidents.
Personal safety can be viewed in two broad perspectives:
a) Behavioral.
b) Dressing code.
a) Behavioral.
Safety is largely dependent upon knowledge and common sense. It solely depends on the attitude of mind rather than a set of rules. The proper attitudes towards safety bare the best insurance. The following are some of the suggestions and behavioural steps that if carefully and correctly followed, they can minimize accidents in the workshop:
Ø Personal cleanliness should always be observed to prevent sickness, care must be taken to wash before eating.
Ø Always remember that the workshop is a place of work, not for horse play. Any tricks or jokes are dangerous to you and your colleagues.
Ø Avoid shouting or unnecessary noise in the workshop this will interfere with the concentration of others.
Ø Look where you are stepping, always walk along the isle and never run.
Ø Never throw items from work bench to another.
Ø Avoid overcrowding around the working area.
Ø Always be a good workshop keeper and always remember the ABC of safety- Always Be Careful.
b) Dressing code
Every person accessing the workshop should:
Ø Keep your hair short and tidy, long hair could be pulled by a rotating part of a machine.
Ø Always ensure to remove all jewelry such as ring, chains and watches.
Ø Always wear special protective clothing when working in welding, forging and foundry areas.
Ø Ensure to always roll up your sleeves, tuck in your shirt, remove your tie and wear an overall which completely covers all loose ends of clothing.
Ø Always ensure to wear goggles or a face shield whenever there are sparks or very bright light experienced during welding procedures.
C) Tools and Machine Safety.
Aviation workshop tools and machines are designed, installed and operated to ensure maximum safety. In order to maintain a high standard of safety, tools and machines should be properly handled, operated and cared for. The following are general rules in regard to specific workshop tools and machines:
Drilling Machine
Ø Always ensure that the machine is firmly mounted to the bench or on the ground to prevent it from falling or sliding during operation.
Ø Before you start the drilling exercise, ensure the work piece is firmly clamped on the machine table.
Ø Always make sure the electrical connection is correct with no naked wires and a three pin plug is used.
Ø Select the right speed for the material being drilled; soft materials are drilled at high speeds while hard materials are drilled at slow speeds.
Ø Always use a coolant while drilling hard material like steels.
Ø Make sure you use the correct drill bit size.
Ø Dress appropriately to protect yourself against hot work pieces, metal chips etc.
Grinding machine.
Ø Always ensure the machine guards are on before you commence the grinding operation.
Ø Ensure the work piece is firmly held as you progress with grinding.
Ø Do not grind from the side of the wheel.
Ø Always operate from the side, not in front of the grinding wheel in case it comes off accidentally.
Ø Make sure you are appropriately dressed; goggles and gloves to protect your eyes.
Ø Always ensure to replace the grinding wheel if it is extremely worn out. s.
Air compressor machine
Ø Always ensure the air compressor is grounded or earthed to prevent excess buildup of charges when it is running.
Ø Ensure always that the electrical connection for the compressor motor is intact and no loose or naked wires.
Ø Always ensure to drain the water that has accumulated in the tank before starting the compressor.
Ø Ensure valves are not leaking.
Ø Ensure the tank pressure gauge and the delivery pipe pressure gauge are functioning properly.
Ø Ensure the room is properly ventilated before starting the machine.
Welding machine.
Ø Ensure you select the correct voltage for the job.
Ø Always ensure the welding machine is on dry ground to minimize the risk of electrocution.
Ø Ensure there is no loose electrical connection, or naked wires.
Ø Always ensure heavy safety boots are worn during welding.
Ø Always use dark eye shield/goggles to protect your eyes from the flare of the electric arc
General safety rules in regards to hand tools
In order to minimize accident and injuries tools should be correctly used and well maintained. The following are some of the general safety rules in regard to specific hand tools:
Hammer
Ø Always check for split or broken handles and loose, worn out or chipped heads.
Ø Head should be firmly secured to the handle. Loose heads can come out of their handles when hitting the work piece and cause serious injuries.
Ø Keep your hands/fingers off the work piece when striking.
Ø Ensure that your workmates are distant enough from the striking range of the hammer blows to avoid injuries’
Hacksaw
Ø Always ensure that the hacksaw blade is properly tightened before using it.
Ø Always apply pressure on the forward stroke and ease the pressure on the back stroke. This is because the cutting stroke is the forward stroke.
Ø Ensure to use the full length of the blade during the cutting stroke.
Ø Ensure the hacksaw blade is placed correctly in the frame by ensuring the teeth face away from you.
Ø Ensure the work piece is firmly held before the cutting procedure commences.
Screw driver
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Ø The tip of the blade chosen should fit in the slot of the screw head to be turned.
Ø The tip of the screw driver should be reconditioned by grinding when worn out.
Ø The screw driver should not be used as a chisel as this will spoil the handle.
Ø When using the screw driver, the hands should be behind the tip to avoid injury.
Spanners
Ø Always use the correct size of spanner socket when loosening or tightening nuts and bolts.
Ø Never push spanners, always pull as this lessens the possibility of the spanner slipping and causing injuries.
Ø Never increase the length of wrench or spanner with a pipe as this can break the wrench and cause injuries..
Files
Ø Never use a file without a handle because the tang can easily pierce the hand.
Ø Never use a file as a pry bar because it could break easily and cause injuries.
Ø Always ensure to use the whole length of file during the filing exercise.
Ø Ensure the work piece is firmly held before the filing exercise commences.
Ø Ensure the file is cleaned after use and stored in a dry place to prevent rusting.
Pliers
Ø Ensure the joint of the pliers are well lubricated.
Ø Do not use pliers for tightening or loosening bolts or nuts.
Ø Ensure the handles are insulated especially while handling hot objects.
Vernier caliper
Ø The calipers should not be dropped because the measuring jaws will be indented and accuracy may be lost.
Ø Always clean and close the jaws into their position and place the calipers in its case after use.
Ø If the calipers are not to be used for a long time, they should be oiled to prevent rusting.
Ø It is necessary to ensure that all the screws are in position at all times.
Micrometer screw gauge
Ø Micrometers should not be dropped, because they can easily loose the alignment of the screw thread.
Ø Always clean the anvil and spindle faces and oil the screw thread especially when it is not used for some time.
Ø The correct pressures should be maintain to ensure the anvil and spindle faces are not damaged in the course of taking measurements.
Ø They should be stored in their cases after use.
Thread-pitch gauge
Ø Ensure the adjusting knob is properly tightened to secure the blades in the frame
Ø Apply a thin film of oil between the blades to prevent corrosion.
Ø Never drop the thread gauge to minimize damage to the blade teeth.
Ø Always place the tool in its case after use for storage.
FIRST AID
First Aid can be defined as the first and immediate help given to any person suffering from either a minor or serious illness or injury.
First Aider is a person who takes first aid action while taking care to keep everyone involved safe and causing no further harm while doing so.
First aid objectives
Ø To save or preserve life.
Ø To ease pain.
Ø To reduce bleeding.
Ø To prevent infections.
Ø To promote recovery.
The ABC of first aid.
A-This stands for airway. You should ensure that there is no blockage to the victim’s airway.
B-This stands for breathing. You should ensure that the casualty is breathing.
C-This stands for circulation. Check whether the casualty has a pulse.
Basic first aid procedures
A) Burns and scalds
Burns and scalds can be caused by dry heat from actual fire, electric current, friction, acids and alkalis. The general procedure for treating burns are:
q Place the part under running water and do not prick any formed blisters.
q Remove any constrictions like rings, bangles, belts and boots before the part starts to swell.
q Cover the wound with a clean nylon dressing.
q Immobilize a badly burnt part.
q Take the victim to hospital if the case is serious.
B) Cuts
These are breaks in the continuity of the body tissues which allow blood to escape. The breaks may allow germs entry into the body causing infections. It is for this reason that cuts should be treated promptly. Cuts with slight bleeding are treated differently from those with severe bleeding.
Treatment of slight bleeding cuts is as follows:
q Apply pressure on the bleeding point over a sterile dressing.
q Clean with running water.
q Clean with antiseptic to kill any possible germs.
q Dry the skin with cotton swabs.
q Bandage with a pad if necessary or an adhesive dressing.
Treatment of severe bleeding cuts is as follows:
q Apply direct pressure with fingers on the bleeding area over a clean dressing and hold it as long as necessary. If the cut is large, press the sides together firmly but gently.
q Lay the victim down in a suitable and comfortable position.
q Remove any foreign bodies which are visible and can be removed easily.
q Apply sterile dressing to the wound and press firmly.
q Cover the wound with a pad of soft material.
q Retain the pad and dressing in position with a firm bandage.
q Immobilize the injured part.
q Take the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.
Nb: it is possible to have cuts with foreign bodies which are not easily removable. One should not struggle to remove them. The procedures stipulated above should be followed with the foreign body still in the cut.
C) unconsciousness/hypoxia.
This can be caused by many factors; one is by failure of enough oxygen supply to the brain, the other one is by electrocution. All these can cause restricted breathing and blood circulation.
The following is a step by step procedure for handling an unconscious victim.
If the victim is not breathing:
1. Make sure that the air passage is clear by supporting the back of the neck and press the top of the head so that it tilts backward. Remove any foreign matter which might be in the mouth.
2. Press the chin upward for the victim to start breathing.
3. If the victim does not start to breath, begin mouth to mouth artificial respiration as follows:
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- Take a deep breath.
- Close the victim’s nostrils with the fingers.
- Bring your mouth close to the victim’s mouth, seal it with your lips and then blow into his mouth until the chest rises.
- Repeat this until the victim starts breathing naturally.
d) Eye injury.
i) Chemical
Ø Hold the eyelids apart and flush the eyeball with lukewarm water for atleast 15-30 minutes. Be careful not to let runoff water flow into the other eye.
Ø Place a gauze pad or clean cloth over both eyes and secure it with a bandage.
Ø Get to an eye specialist or emergency room immediately.
ii) Cut, scratch or embedded object
Ø Place a gauze pad or cloth over both eyes and secure it with a bandage.
Ø Do not try to remove the embedded object.
Ø Get to an eye specialist or emergency room immediately.
E) Nose Bleeding
Ø Tell the casualty to sit down and tilt his head forward to allow blood to drain from the nostrils.
Ø Ask him to breathe through his nostrils (has a calming effect) & pinch the soft part of nose for up to ten minutes.
Ø Advise the casualty not to speak, cough, spit or sniff as this may disturb blood clot.
Ø After 10 minutes, tell the casualty to release the pressure. If bleeding has not stopped, reapply the pressure for two further periods of 10 minutes.
Ø Once bleeding stops, with his head still leaning forward, clean around his nose with luke warm water. Advise the casualty to rest quietly for a few hours and avoid blowing the nose.
Ø If bleeding stops and then restarts, help casualty reapply pressure.
Ø If nose bleeding is severe and lasts for more than 30 minutes, take casualty to hospital.
F) Fainting
Ø Lie down the casualty to a comfortable position.
Ø Raise their legs, supporting the ankles on your shoulders to improve blood flow to the brain as you watch his face for signs of recovery.
Ø Ensure the casualty has plenty of fresh air. Any bystanders should be asked to clear.
Ø When casualty recovers, give them something to drink.
G) Drowning
Ø Get the casualty out of the liquid without endangering yourself. You can achieve this by holding out a stick, a branch or a rope for him to grab then pulling him out of water to dry land. Alternatively, you can throw him a float.
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